Antimony Export Restrictions: Safeguarding U.S. National Security
China has announced that it will be imposing export restrictions on antimony, a critical mineral used in the defense and electronics industries. As the world’s largest producer, accounting for 48 percent of global production and 63 percent of U.S. antimony imports, this has raised concerns about potential supply disruptions for U.S. national security. It is an essential input in armor-piercing ammunition, night vision goggles, infrared sensors, and precision optics vital to U.S. defense technologies. Moreover, the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East have added to the strain in antimony supply chains. This export restriction is just the latest in a series, with graphite, germanium, gallium, and rare earth processing technologies also facing such controls.
From September 15, six antimony-related products, including antimony ore, metals, antimony oxide, and certain other smelting and separation technologies, will have export restrictions imposed. Those wishing to export will have to apply for a license, which raises concerns for the extent of export restrictions and potential interference with U.S. national security. To avoid supply chain disruption, the United States must quickly shift antimony sourcing from unreliable Chinese sources to non-Chinese alternatives.
Currently, the U.S. is reliant on China (63 percent), Belgium (8 percent), India (6 percent), and Bolivia (4 percent) for its needs. Moreover, the U.S. has minimal stockpiles (1,100 tons) compared to the amount consumed in 2023 (23,000 tons). With only 3 percent of global antimony reserves, the U.S. has to look at sourcing alternatives urgently. Tajikistan is an urgent consideration as it comes second in global production, producing up to 25 percent in 2023 and has shown commitment to expanding global partnerships. A significant partnership in Tajikistan could mean that U.S. reliance on Chinese imports decreases.
Australia is another crucial market. It is home to the 10th largest antimony project, the Hillgrove site, which has the potential to boost production outside China. However, significant investment refining outside of China has to be made to prevent antimony ore from ending up back in China. Investing in new recycling technologies would also help keep antimony within the United States.
In conclusion, China’s antimony export restrictions may have a severe impact on the U.S. national security, given the mineral’s military applications reliance. To avoid supply chain disruptions, the United States has to look to alternate, reliable sources of antimony while investing in in-house mining and recycling capabilities.
Forced Labor with emphasis on Supply Chain Tracing
Participants will also explore the role of technology and tools in supply chain tracing, including a review of global regulations and a detailed case study on WRO/UFLPA. Throughout the course, interactive activities, discussions, and reflection will empower participants to apply their learning to real-world scenarios and professional contexts, fostering a comprehensive understanding of forced labor supply chain tracing.
